Introduction
To build web applications that act in concert but do so securely, use the Docker networks feature. Networks, by definition, provide complete isolation for containers. So, it is important to have control over the networks your applications run on. Docker container networks give you that control. This section provides an overview of the default networking behavior that Docker Engine delivers natively. It describes the type of networks created by default and how to create your own, user--defined networks. It also describes the resources required to create networks on a single host or across a cluster of hosts.
Default Networks
When you install Docker, it creates three networks automatically. You can list these networks using the docker network ls command:
Historically, these three networks are part of Docker’s implementation. When you run a container you can use the --net flag to specify which network you want to run a container on. These three networks are still available to you. Thebridge network represents the docker0 network present in all Docker installations. Unless you specify otherwise with the docker run --net=<NETWORK> option, the Docker daemon connects containers to this network by default. You can see this bridge as part of a host’s network stack by using the ifconfig or ip commands on the host:
The none network adds a container to a container-specific network stack. That container lacks a network interface. Attaching to such a container and looking at it’s stack you see this:
Note: You can detach from the container and leave it running with CTRL-p CTRL-q.
The host network adds a container on the hosts network stack. You’ll find the network configuration inside the container is identical to the host. With the exception of the the bridge network, you really don’t need to interact with these default networks. While you can list and inspect them, you cannot remove them. They are required by your Docker installation. However, you can add your own user-defined networks and these you can remove when you no longer need them. Before you learn more about creating your own networks, it is worth looking at the default network a bit.
The default bridge network in detail
The default bridge network is present on all Docker hosts.
The Engine automatically creates a Subnet and Gateway to the network. The docker run command automatically adds new containers to this network.
Inspecting the bridge network again after starting two containers shows both newly launched containers in the network. Their ids show up in the container:
The docker network inspect command above shows all the connected containers and their network resources on a given network. Containers in this default network are able to communicate with each other using IP addresses. Docker does not support automatic service discovery on the default bridge network. If you want to communicate with container names in this default bridge network, you must connect the containers via the legacy docker run --link option (--link=[]: Add link to another container).
You can attach to a running container and investigate its configuration:
Then use ping for about 3 seconds to test the connectivity of the containers on this bridge network.
Finally, use the cat command to check the container1 network configuration:
To detach from a container1 and leave it running use CTRL-p CTRL-q.Then, attach to container2 and repeat these three commands. The default docker0 bridge network supports the use of port mapping and docker run --link to allow communications between containers in the docker0 network. These techniques are cumbersome to set up and prone to error. While they are still available to you as techniques, it is better to avoid them and define your own bridge networks instead.
User-defined networks
You can create your own user-defined networks that better isolate containers. Docker provides some default network drivers for creating these networks. You can create a new bridge network or overlay network. You can also create a network plugin or remote network written to your own specifications. You can create multiple networks. You can add containers to more than one network. Containers can only communicate within networks but not across networks. A container attached to two networks can communicate with member containers in either network.
The next few sections describe each of Docker’s built-in network drivers in greater detail.
A bridge network
The easiest user-defined network to create is a bridge network. This network is similar to the historical, default docker0 network. There are some added features and some old features that aren’t available.
After you create the network, you can launch containers on it using the docker run --net=<NETWORK> option.
The containers you launch into this network must reside on the same Docker host. Each container in the network can immediately communicate with other containers in the network. Though, the network itself isolates the containers from external networks.
Within a user-defined bridge network, linking is not supported. You can expose and publish container ports on containers in this network. This is useful if you want to make a portion of the bridge network available to an outside network.
A bridge network is useful in cases where you want to run a relatively small network on a single host. You can, however, create significantly larger networks by creating an overlay network.
An overlay network
Docker’s overlay network driver supports multi-host networking natively out-of-the-box. This support is accomplished with the help of libnetwork, a built-in VXLAN-based overlay network driver, and Docker’s libkv library. The overlay network requires a valid key-value store service. Currently, Docker’s libkv supports Consul, Etcd, and ZooKeeper (Distributed store). Before creating a network you must install and configure your chosen key-value store service. The Docker hosts that you intend to network and the service must be able to communicate.
Each host in the network must run a Docker Engine instance. The easiest way to provision the hosts are with Docker Machine.
You should open the following ports between each of your hosts.
Your key-value store service may require additional ports. Check your vendor’s documentation and open any required ports. Once you have several machines provisioned, you can use Docker Swarm to quickly form them into a swarm which includes a discovery service as well. To create an overlay network, you configure options on the daemon on each Docker Engine for use with overlay network. There are three options to set:
Create an overlay network on one of the machines in the Swarm.
This results in a single network spanning multiple hosts. An overlay network provides complete isolation for the containers.
Then, on each host, launch containers making sure to specify the network name.
Once connected, each container has access to all the containers in the network regardless of which Docker host the container was launched on.
If you would like to try this for yourself, see the Getting started for overlay.
Custom network plugin
If you like, you can write your own network driver plugin. A network driver plugin makes use of Docker’s plugin infrastructure. In this infrastructure, a plugin is a process running on the same Docker host as the Docker daemon. Network plugins follow the same restrictions and installation rules as other plugins. All plugins make use of the plugin API. They have a lifecycle that encompasses installation, starting, stopping and activation. Once you have created and installed a custom network driver, you use it like the built-in network drivers. For example:
You can inspect it, add containers too and from it, and so forth. Of course, different plugins may make use of different technologies or frameworks. Custom networks can include features not present in Docker’s default networks. For more information on writing plugins, see Extending Docker and Writing a network driver plugin.
Docker embedded DNS server
Docker daemon runs an embedded DNS server to provide automatic service discovery for containers connected to user defined networks. Name resolution requests from the containers are handled first by the embedded DNS server. If the embedded DNS server is unable to resolve the request it will be forwarded to any external DNS servers configured for the container. To facilitate this when the container is created, only the embedded DNS server reachable at127.0.0.11 will be listed in the container’s resolv.conf file. More information on embedded DNS server on user-defined networks can be found in the embedded DNS server in user-defined networks.
Links
Before the Docker network feature, you could use the Docker link feature to allow containers to discover each other. With the introduction of Docker networks, containers can be discovered by its name automatically. But you can still create links but they behave differently when used in the default docker0 bridge network compared to user-defined networks. For more information, please refer to Legacy Links for link feature in default bridge network and the linking containers in user-defined networks for links functionality in user-defined networks.
Related information
* Work with network commands
* Get started with multi-host networking
* Managing Data in Containers
* Docker Machine overview
* Docker Swarm overview
* Investigate the LibNetwork project
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