[Python Std Library] File and Directory Access : fileinput — Iterate over lines from input stream

參考自 這裡
Preface :
This module implements a helper class and functions to quickly write a loop over standard input or a list of files. If you just want to read or write one file see open().

The typical use is :


If no argument is given, this iterates over the lines of all files listed in sys.argv[1:], defaulting to sys.stdin if the list is empty. If a filename is '-', it is also replaced bysys.stdin. To specify an alternative list of filenames, pass it as the first argument to input(). A single file name is also allowed.

All files are opened in text mode by default, but you can override this by specifying the mode parameter in the call to input() or FileInput(). If an I/O error occurs during opening or reading a file, IOError is raised.

Lines are returned with any newlines intact, which means that the last line in a file may not have one.

You can control how files are opened by providing an opening hook via the openhook parameter to fileinput.input() or FileInput(). The hook must be a function that takes two arguments, filename and mode, and returns an accordingly opened file-like object. Two useful hooks are already provided by this module.

Supported APIs :
The following function is the primary interface of this module :
- fileinput.input([files[, inplace[, backup[, mode[, openhook]]]]])

Changed in version 2.5: Added the mode and openhook parameters.
Create an instance of the FileInput class. The instance will be used as global state for the functions of this module, and is also returned to use during iteration. The parameters to this function will be passed along to the constructor of the FileInput class.

The following functions use the global state created by fileinput.input(); if there is no active state, RuntimeError is raised.
- fileinput.filename()

Return the name of the file currently being read. Before the first line has been read, returns None.

- fileinput.fileno()

New in version 2.5.
Return the integer “file descriptor” for the current file. When no file is opened (before the first line and between files), returns -1.

- fileinput.lineno()

Return the cumulative line number of the line that has just been read. Before the first line has been read, returns 0. After the last line of the last file has been read, returns the line number of that line.

- fileinput.filelineno()

Return the line number in the current file. Before the first line has been read, returns 0. After the last line of the last file has been read, returns the line number of that line within the file.

- fileinput.isfirstline()

Returns true if the line just read is the first line of its file, otherwise returns false.

- fileinput.isstdin()

Returns true if the last line was read from sys.stdin, otherwise returns false.

- fileinput.nextfile()

Close the current file so that the next iteration will read the first line from the next file (if any); lines not read from the file will not count towards the cumulative line count. The filename is not changed until after the first line of the next file has been read. Before the first line has been read, this function has no effect; it cannot be used to skip the first file. After the last line of the last file has been read, this function has no effect.

- fileinput.close()

Close the sequence.

FileInput Class :
The class which implements the sequence behavior provided by the module is available for subclassing as well :
- class fileinput.FileInput([files[, inplace[, backup[, mode[, openhook]]]]])

Changed in version 2.5: Added the mode and openhook parameters.
Class FileInput is the implementation; its methods filename(), fileno(), lineno(), filelineno(), isfirstline(), isstdin(), nextfile() and close() correspond to the functions of the same name in the module. In addition it has a readline() method which returns the next input line, and a __getitem__() method which implements the sequence behavior. The sequence must be accessed in strictly sequential order; random access and readline() cannot be mixed.

With mode you can specify which file mode will be passed to open(). It must be one of 'r', 'rU', 'U' and 'rb'.

The openhook, when given, must be a function that takes two arguments, filename and mode, and returns an accordingly opened file-like object. You cannot useinplace and openhook together.

Optional in-place filtering: if the keyword argument inplace=1 is passed to fileinput.input() or to the FileInput constructor, the file is moved to a backup file and standard output is directed to the input file (if a file of the same name as the backup file already exists, it will be replaced silently). This makes it possible to write a filter that rewrites its input file in place. If the backup parameter is given (typically as backup='.'), it specifies the extension for the backup file, and the backup file remains around; by default, the extension is '.bak' and it is deleted when the output file is closed. In-place filtering is disabled when standard input is read.

Others :
The two following opening hooks are provided by this module :
- fileinput.hook_compressed(filename, mode)

New in version 2.5.
Transparently opens files compressed with gzip and bzip2 (recognized by the extensions '.gz' and '.bz2') using the gzip and bz2 modules. If the filename extension is not '.gz' or '.bz2', the file is opened normally (ie, using open() without any decompression).

Usage example: fi = fileinput.FileInput(openhook=fileinput.hook_compressed)

- fileinput.hook_encoded(encoding)

New in version 2.5.
Returns a hook which opens each file with codecs.open(), using the given encoding to read the file.

Usage example: fi = fileinput.FileInput(openhook=fileinput.hook_encoded("iso-8859-1"))