[Python Std Library] Cryptographic Services : hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests

來源自 這裡
Preface :
New in version 2.5.
This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and message digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA’s MD5 algorithm (defined in Internet RFC 1321). The terms secure hash and message digest are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. The modern term is secure hash.

Interface Explain :
There is one constructor method named for each type of hash. All return a hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use sha1() to create a SHA1 hash object. You can now feed this object with arbitrary strings using the update() method. At any point you can ask it for the digest of the concatenation of the strings fed to it so far using the digest() or hexdigest() methods.

Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are md5(), sha1(), sha224(), sha256(), sha384(), and sha512(). Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the OpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform.

For example, to obtain the digest of the string 'Nobody inspects the spammish repetition' :

>>> import hashlib
>>> m = hashlib.md5()
>>> m.update("Nobody inspects".encode())
>>> m.update(" the spammish repetition".encode())
>>> m.digest()
'\xbbd\x9c\x83\xdd\x1e\xa5\xc9\xd9\xde\xc9\xa1\x8d\xf0\xff\xe9'
>>> m.digest_size
16
>>> m.block_size
64

To be more condensed :

>>> hashlib.sha224("Nobody inspect the spammish reprtition".encode()).hexdigest()
'201fff23ac0ac650537aa6116a4c9c827ab5ecf87dda82cf1f98bcb0'

A generic new() constructor that takes the string name of the desired algorithm as its first parameter also exists to allow access to the above listed hashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. The named constructors are much faster than new() and should be preferred.

Using new() with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL :

>>> h = hashlib.new('ripemd160')
>>> h.update("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition".encode())
>>> h.hexdigest()
'cc4a5ce1b3df48aec5d22d1f16b894a0b894eccc'

This module provides the following constant attribute :
- hashlib.algorithms

New in version 2.7.
A tuple providing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module.
>>> hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed # 新版本的 python 可能名稱有變, 請用 dir(hashlib) 檢查看看.
{'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha384', 'sha256', 'sha512', 'md5'}
>>> hashlib.algorithms_available
{'SHA1', 'SHA224', 'SHA', 'SHA384', 'ecdsa-with-SHA1', 'SHA256', 'SHA512', 'md4', 'md5', 'sha1', 'dsaWithSHA', 'DSA-SHA', 'sha224', 'dsaEncryption', 'DSA', 'ripemd160', 'sha', 'MD5', 'MD4', 'sha384', 'sha256', 'sha512', 'RIPEMD160', 'whirlpool'}

The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objects returned by the constructors :
- hash.digest_size

The size of the resulting hash in bytes.

- hash.block_size

The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.

A hash object has the following methods :
- hash.update(arg)

Changed in version 2.7.
Update the hash object with the string arg. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: m.update(a); m.update(b) is equivalent to m.update(a+b).

- hash.digest()

Return the digest of the strings passed to the update() method so far. This is a string of digest_size bytes which may contain non-ASCII characters.

- hash.hexdigest()

Like digest() except the digest is returned as a string of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments.

- hash.copy()

Return a copy (“clone”) of the hash object. This can be used to efficiently compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.